Application situation, existing problems, and improvement ideas of sharps containers / 中国感染控制杂志

Sharp injury is a common occupational injury occurs in hospital, it is also an important way for health care workers to be infected with blood-borne pathogens, standardized use of sharps containers can effectively prevent the occurrence of sharp injury.Sharps containers are widely used in China, but the specifications are limited and the products are single, there is still room for improving safety performance.In view of the problems existing in clinical use, Chinese scholars have made a lot of improvements on sharps containers.The author suggests that relevant units should consider the design concept of clinic to develop and popularize more reasonable safe sharps containers for clinical application, and take other comprehensive behavioral control measures, so as to effectively reduce the occurrence of sharp injury.

Etiological analysis of influenza surveillance data in Xuzhou from 2005 to 2011 / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence and subtypes of influenza viruses in Xuzhou city from 2005 to 2011 and to provide the scientific supports for influenza prevention and control in this religion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The throat swab samples were collected from the influenza-like cases from national influenza like illness sentinel hospital in Xuzhou. The samples were used for influenza virus isolation and identification, sent on the national flu center to confirm according to the "national influenza surveillance program" and "influenza virus and experimental technology".</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From Oct. 2005 to Dec. 2011, a total of 9561 swab specimens were collected in which 1152 strains were identified for influenza viruses with total isolated rate of 12.0%. Among these strains, 708 strains were A1 (H1N1) subtype (14.2%), 466 strains were A3 (H3N2) subtype (40.5%), 78 strains were new H1N1 subtype (6.8%), 362 strains were BV (Victoia) subtype (31.4%) and 82 strains were BY (Yamagate) subtype (7.1%). The top detection rate (25.9%) arose in 2007, secondary detection rate (17.4%) occurred at 2009 and the lowest one (2.3%) appeared in 2011. From the winter of 2005 to the spring of 2006 A1 (H1N1) subtype had appeared as predominant strains but in the winter of 2006 the predominant strains were BV subtype. It changed to A3 subtype in 2007 to 2009 and the other three dominant strains were A1, BV and BY in 2008. In the winter of 2009, both A3 (H3N2) and new H1N1 subtype were predominant strains. BV subtype was predominant strains in 2010 to 2011. The prevalence of A3 subtype appeared in all the year while prevalence of BV only arose in the spring and winter. So the detection rate was high in January (34.4%) but low in August (2.2%). The influenza population is correlated with age, the highest detection rate arose in 5-age group and the lowest detection rate appeared in 25-age group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Influenza subtype A1, A3, New H1N1 are all appeared as predominant strains in Xuzhou city from 2005 to 2010. Besides, the prevalence of BV subtype is stronger in recently.</p>

Analysis on pathogen detection for 53 influenza outbreaks / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In order to provide a scientific basis for influenza prevention and control, analyzing the epidemic characteristics and laws of influenza outbreaks in Xuzhou area during 2005-2011.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Using fluorescent-PCR method to detect influenza virus nucleic acid on Nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected from influenza outbreak cases during 2005-2011 and fast classifying influenza virus A1 (H1N1), A3 (H3N2), new H1N1 BV (Victoria) and BY (Yamagate) on subtypes. At the same time, isolating the influenza virus with MDCK cells, and sending them to the National Influenza Center for review, after the preliminary identification of the isolated influenza virus.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During 2005-2011, there are 53 influenza outbreaks in Xuzhou area, which caused by influenza virus subtype BV accounting for 26.42% (14/53), A3 accounting for 49.1% (26/53), A3 and A1 mixture accounting for 3.77% (2/53) and the new H1N1 accounting for 20.75% (11/53). The outbreaks in 2007 and 2009 mainly caused by A3, and show that the winter spring (January) and summer autumn (September) as two popular peaks during 2005-2011; BV mainly causes the outbreaks from Feb. to Jun.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In Xuzhou area, since the winter of 2005, influenza virus subtype BV, the A3, and new H1N1 has alternately as mainly predominant strain, caused local influenza outbreaks. In which BV has increased trend year by year during 2005-2011. The students in primary and secondary schools are the major crowd of influenza outbreaks. Fluorescent-PCR detection methods could be a preferred method for reliable and rapid diagnostic of epidemic influenza outbreaks.</p>

Research on the aetiology of suspected enterovirus infected patients in Xuzhou district in 2009 / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand and master the situation in which enterovirus caused hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in Xuzhou district in 2009 so as to provide scientific basis for the control and prevention of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The researchers adopted fluorescence RT-PCR method to detect EV and EV71 as well as the CA16 specificity RNA from 222 samples of anal swabs and oropharyngeal swabs from the 240 cases who were diagnosed clinically as hand-foot-mouth disease infected by enterovirus. Also, the researchers conducted EV71-IgM antibody detection on 114 samples of acute phase serum with ELA method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 240 enterovirus infected patients, the total EV infection rate is 72.50% (174/240), among which EV71 infection rate is 57.92% (139/240), CoxA16 infection rate is 9.17% (22/240), and other EV infection rate is 5.42% (13/240). The EV71-RNA positive rate of the samples of 222 anus swabs among the 240 suspected enterovirus infected patients is 45.94% (102/222), the samples of swallow swab EV71-RNA positive rate is 25.68% (57/222) and the EV71-IgM antibody positive rate of 114 samples of acute phase serum is 86.84% (99/114). The EV71-RNA positive rate of oropharyngeal swabs of 254 healthy children is 1.57% (4/254) , and no CoxA16-RNA was detected. In the oropharyngeal swabs of 54 close contacts (medical personnel), the EV-RNA detected is negative. The positive rate of EV71-IgM antibody of the 258 healthy children's serum samples is 2.71% (7/258).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The widespreading of hand-foot-mouth disease in Xuzhou district is caused mainly by type 71 enterovirus. Inapparent infection of type 71 enterovirus exists among children under the age of 3 during the time of widespreading period and IgM antibody develops in them. It is difficult for adults to be infected by EV71 even if they contact the contagion source closely. The positive rate of EV71-IgM antibody in the samples of acute phase serum of suspected cases is the highest (86.84%), and the second highest is the positive rate of RNA of EV71 of anal swabs (45.94%) and of the EV71 of oropharyngeal swabs (25.68%). ELA reagent kit is used in the early diagnosis of EV71 infection for it is easy to operate, fast and economic, so, it is worth popularizing in the grass-root medical units.</p>

Airborne fine particulate matter induced pulmonary inflammation as well as oxidative stress in neonate rats / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Airborne fine particulate matter (PM) can induce pulmonary inflammation which may adversely affect human health, but very few reports about its effect on the neonate rats are available. This study aimed to observe the potential impact and toxicity of fine PMs on the airway in neonate rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pulmonary inflammation, cytotoxicity, histopathology, and antioxidants as well as oxidant products were assessed 24 hours after intratracheal instillation of fine PM consecutively for 3 days. Cytotoxicity of fine PM was measured in HEp-2 cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Rats treated with high dose fine PM developed significant pulmonary inflammation characterized by neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. The inflammatory process was related to elevated level of TNF-α and prooxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the lung. Cytotoxicity studies performed in human epithelial cells indicated that high dose fine PM significantly reduced cell viability.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study demonstrated acute exposure to fine PM induced airway inflammation as well as increased oxidative stress in addition to its direct toxic effect on airway epithelium cells.</p>

Drug Resistance and Distribution of Common Nosocomial Pathogens / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of commonly encountered pathogenic microbes during the last five years.METHODS A total of 9318 strains of NI pathogens during from Jan 2004 to Dec 2008 were surveyed and analyzed.RESULTS From them the percentage of Gram-positive cocci was 13.6%,the main pathogen was coagulase negative Staphylococcus,Gram-negative bacilli(28.8%).The predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The drug resistance of NI pathogens was markedly increased.Especially,the rate of drug resistance of P.aeruginosa to imipenem was from 0 to 31.8% in 2005,and that of Enterococcus to vancomycin was 4.0% in 2007.The percentage of fungi was 26.4% and increased sharply year by year.CONCLUSIONS The Gram-negative bacteria play a dominant role in clinics and drug resistance of isolated pathogenic bacteria is a serious problem.Monitoring the trends of pathogenic bacteria′s distribution and drug resistance is very important in guiding the clinical administration of drugs and we should pay attention to fungal infection.

Observation on ear point taping and pressing therapy for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe therapeutic effect and prognosis of ear point taping and pressing therapy for primary dysmenorrhea.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and fourteen cases were randomly divided into an ear taping and pressing group of 60 cases and a western medication group of 54 cases. The ear taping and pressing group were treated by ear point taping and pressing at Shenmen, Zigong (uterus), Neifenmi (endorine), Pizhixia (subcortex), Jiaogan (sympathesis) and Shen (kidney), which were taped and pressed by a adhesive plaster with Vaccaria seeds. The western medication group were treated with oral administration of Indomeixin enteric tablets. The therapeutic effects were assessed after treatment of 3 menstrual cycles.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total effective rate was 91.7% in the ear taping and pressing group and 77.8% in the western medication group with a significant difference between the two group (P < 0.05); and the long-term therapeutic effect in the ear taping and pressing group was better than that in the western medication group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ear point taping and pressing therapy has significant therapeutic effect on primary dysmenorrhea.</p>

Clinical observation on wrist-ankle acupuncture for treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the therapeutic effect and prognosis of wrist-ankle acupuncture for treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-five cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were randomly divided into a wrist-ankle acupuncture group (n = 55) and a control group (n = 40). The treatment group were treated with acupuncture at the points, Wanshang No. 1 and 2, and the control group with oral administration of diltiazem. After being treated for 3 courses, their therapeutic effects were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total effective rate was 81.8% in the treatment group and 54.0% in the control group with a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0. 05); the long-term therapeutic effect in the treatment group was better than that in the control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Wrist-Ankle acupuncture has obvious therapeutic effect on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.</p>